Pterophyllum scalare

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Pterophyllum scalare, also known as Red Dragon Guyana, is a sought-after form of the freshwater angelfish Pterophyllum scalare, a large South American cichlid with a spectacular profile. Its triangular body, extended fins and reddish tones immediately stand out in a properly designed aquarium. This strain is especially rare in the aquarium trade, and the specimen presented is identified as wild-collected. It is also offered exclusively by Ton.Fish in Canada. Like all angelfish, it requires a tall aquarium, stable water conditions and effective filtration, with warm, soft to moderately acidic water and gentle circulation.

General species description

Pterophyllum scalare belongs to the Cichlidae family and to the South American freshwater angelfish group. The species is recognized by its laterally compressed body, great body height and elongated dorsal and anal fins. It mainly occupies the middle and upper levels of the aquarium, moving slowly among roots and plants. Despite its peaceful appearance, it may become territorial, especially when a pair forms or spawning begins. Raising juveniles in a group generally allows pairs to form naturally, but adults may later defend a territory. Its eventual size and behavior require a spacious aquarium, particularly one with adequate height. This very rare form is best suited to aquarists who can maintain stable water conditions.

Geographical origin and biotope

This population is associated with Suriname and the Rio Essequibo basin, in a lowland Amazonian environment. The biotope includes calm river sections, side channels and seasonally flooded areas, often sheltered by roots, branches and dense vegetation. The water may be stained by tannins released from leaf litter, with low mineral content and an acidic to slightly neutral reaction. In aquaria, this origin translates into a preference for warm, soft and well-oxygenated water without strong current. Efficient filtration, regular water changes and subdued lighting support acclimation. The specimen offered is identified as wild-collected, making quarantine and careful acclimation especially important.

Specific location and local name

The geographical reference used for this form is the Rio Essequibo basin, with a commercial origin associated with Suriname. In the aquarium trade, it is known as Red Dragon Guyana, a name emphasizing its attributed origin and coloration. The common name freshwater angelfish is also appropriate, although it applies to several forms and populations of the species. Commercial names do not replace the scientific name: Pterophyllum scalare remains a Pterophyllum scalare. To preserve the value of this rare strain, it is preferable to retain collection information, avoid uncontrolled crosses and keep the fish in a dedicated aquarium when traceability is important. This availability is exclusive to Ton.Fish in Canada.

Appearance and physical characteristics

Pterophyllum scalare has the typical angelfish profile: a very deep, laterally compressed and almost triangular body, supported by long dorsal and anal fins. The Red Dragon Guyana form is recognized by reddish to orange coloration that may be contrasted by silver, dark or translucent areas depending on age, mood and lighting. The threadlike pelvic fins further emphasize its shape. As with wild forms, the intensity of the markings can vary, and the pattern may become less distinct under stress. Body length can reach about 15 cm, while total height with the fins may approach 25 cm. A tall aquarium helps prevent the fins from constantly touching the substrate or surface.

General diet

In nature, Pterophyllum scalare feeds on small aquatic invertebrates, larvae, crustaceans and other organisms captured among roots or vegetation. In aquaria, it generally accepts quality cichlid pellets, frozen foods such as brine shrimp and mosquito larvae, and carefully selected live foods. A varied diet supports the red coloration, growth and overall condition, especially after transport of a wild fish. Meals should be small and eaten quickly to prevent water pollution. Juveniles may receive several small portions each day, while adults benefit from moderate feedings. Avoid relying only on protein-rich foods or prey from uncertain sources. Water quality is just as important as food for maintaining a regular appetite.

Essential data

• Name of the source river: Rio Essequibo
• Local name used: Freshwater angelfish; Red Dragon Guyana
• Origin of the scientific name: Pterophyllum comes from the Greek pteron, wing, and phyllon, leaf; scalare refers to a ladder-like pattern.
• Etymology of the full name: Pterophyllum means “winged leaf” or “leaf-shaped fin”; scalare means “ladder-like.”
• Common/vernacular names: Freshwater angelfish, angelfish, Red Dragon Guyana
• Family: Cichlidae
• Subfamily: Cichlasomatinae
• Name pronunciation: ter-oh-FIL-um - skuh-LAIR
• Discovery: Schultze, 1823
• Maximum adult size: About 15 cm body length; up to approximately 25 cm in total height with fins
• Water temperature and pH: 24 to 30 °C; pH 5.5 to 7.5
• Appearance of the watercourse and surrounding vegetation: Calm to slow-flowing water, submerged roots, leaf litter, branches and dense marginal vegetation
• Typical tankmates: Guianacara cuyunii, Mesonauta guyanae, Hemigrammus coeruleus
• Temperament and behavior: Generally peaceful, but territorial as a pair and during reproduction; an opportunistic predator of very small fish
• Water depth: Calm areas that are generally shallow to intermediate, approximately 0.5 to 2 m
• Sexual dimorphism: Difficult to distinguish outside the breeding period; the genital papilla is the best clue in adults ready to spawn
• Bottom structure and flow: Sandy-muddy substrate or leaf and plant debris; low to moderate current

In your aquarium

To succeed with Pterophyllum scalare, choose a tall, fully cycled aquarium with roots, sturdy plants and shaded areas. Warm, stable and low-mineral water, regular water changes and filtration without excessive current are essential. Because this fish is very rare and identified as wild, careful quarantine and gradual feeding are strongly recommended. Avoid tiny or overly boisterous tankmates, and monitor pair formation and territorial behavior. Captive care also benefits from preserving the strain’s traceability and avoiding unnecessary hybridization. A calm environment, consistent maintenance and a varied diet will help this exceptional angelfish settle and display its best coloration.